![]() Copper, similar to iron (Fe), can participate in reactions that result in the production of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), responsible for lipid peroxidation in membranes, direct oxidation of proteins, and cleavage of DNA and RNA molecules ( Table 1). In excess of cellular needs, Cu can be cytotoxic. ![]() The concentration of free copper ions has been estimated to be of the order of 10 –18–10 –13 M in yeast cells and in human blood plasma, respectively. Drinking water does not normally contribute significantly to intake. The average intakes of copper by human adults, vary from 0.6 to 1.6 mg/d and the main sources are seeds, grains, nuts, and beans (concentrated in the germ and bran), shellfish and liver. ![]() It is required for survival and serves as an important catalytic cofactor in redox chemistry for proteins that carry out fundamental biological functions that are required for growth and development. Moreover, little is known about the role of drugs especially diuretics, and intercurrent illness on the development of trace mineral deficiency and the interactions of trace elements with one another, particularly in the situation where the decision is made to replace a single trace element or in older individuals who may be on one trace element supplement.Ĭopper (Cu) is an essential trace metal found in all living organisms in the oxidized Cu(II) and reduced Cu(I) states. ![]() Zinc supplements have been shown to cause anemia secondary to hypocupremia and tetrathiomolybdate inhibits copper absorption. Low concentrations of dietary iron enhance the absorption of not only dietary iron, but also of lead, zinc, cadmium cobalt and manganese. Thus, high intakes of zinc, cadmium or copper interfere with the utilization and tissue storage of iron. The effects of trace element are heavily dependent on one another. ![]()
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